Compositions and methods for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to methods for producing recombinant proteins, as well as compositions used in and produced by such methods. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins, and the compositions provided herein include recombinant host cells that comprise polynucleotide sequences encoding proteins operably linked to at least 2 distinct secretion signals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a bypass continuation of and claims priority to co-pending International Application No. PCT/US2018/021817, filed Mar. 9, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/470,153, filed Mar. 10, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 19, 2018, is named 39723US_CRF_sequencelisting.txt and is 260,339 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to methods for producing recombinant proteins, as well as compositions used in and produced by such methods. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins, as well as recombinant vectors, recombinant host cells, and fermentations used in such methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many proteins needed for research, industrial, or therapeutic purposes (e.g., enzymes, vaccines, hormones, and biopharmaceutical proteins) are produced industrially in recombinant host cells. Yeasts, in particular budding yeasts, are favored eukaryotic host organisms for such application. Yeast cells grow rapidly to high cell density in inexpensive media, and comprise cellular machinery for protein folding and post-translational modification (e.g., proteolytic maturation, disulfide bond formation, phosphorylation, O- and N-linked glycosylation). The most commonly used yeast species for production of recombinant proteins include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, and Kluyveromyces lactis. Of these, Pichia pastoris is particularly suitable for applications in which recombinant proteins are to be produced at larger (e.g., industrial) scale because it can achieve high density cell growth.

Industrial scale production of recombinant proteins in recombinant host cells is facilitated when the recombinant proteins are secreted from the cells because secreted proteins are readily separated from intact cells, obviating the need for cellular lysis and subsequent separation of the proteins from cellular debris. Pichia pastoris is particularly suitable for production of secreted recombinant proteins because it can grow in minimal salt media, which permits isolation of secreted proteins via filtration and chromatography at low conductivity, and because Pichia pastoris natively secretes relatively few fermentative products (i.e., small proteins), which further facilitates isolation and purification of secreted recombinant proteins.

Recombinant host cells used for production of secreted recombinant proteins ideally produce large quantities of the recombinant protein, and secrete large fractions of the recombinant protein produced. The former is typically achieved by employing strategies well known in the art, such as, for example, codon optimizing the polynucleotide sequences that are engineered into the recombinant host cells and that encode the recombinant proteins, placing the transcription of such polynucleotide sequences under the control of strong promoters and effective terminators, optimizing translation by introducing suitable ribose binding sites, and increasing the copy number of the polynucleotide sequences in the recombinant host cells (e.g., by engineering host cells that comprise 2 or more copies of a particular polynucleotide sequence). These strategies, however, tend to reach a natural limit in their effectiveness as high copy numbers genetically destabilize the recombinant host cells, and strong promoters yield higher levels of the recombinant proteins than the recombinant host cells can properly fold and/or secrete (Damasceno et al. [2012] Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:31-39; Parekh et al. [1995] Protein Expr Purif. 6(4):537-45; Zhu et al. [2009] J Appl Microbiol 107:954-963; Liu et al. [2003] Protein Expr. Purif. 30:262-274). As a result, yields of the recombinant proteins tend to plateau or even decline as unfolded or mis-folded recombinant proteins accumulate inside the recombinant host cells and the recombinant host cells activate molecular stress responses (e.g., the unfolded protein response [UPR] or the ER-associated protein degradation pathway [ERAD] (Hohenblum et al. [2004] Biotechnol Bioeng. 12:367-375; Vassileva et al. [2001] J Biotechnol. 12:21-35; Iran et al. [2006] Biotechnol Bioeng. 12:771-778; Zhu et al. [2009] J Appl Microbiol. 12(3):954-963). Indeed, up-regulation of chaperone proteins or of the main UPR transcriptional regulator (Hac1p) have been shown to reduce the effects of the UPR and to boost recombinant protein yields (Zhang et al. [2006] Biotechnol Prog. 12:1090-1095; Lee et al. [2012] Process Biochem. 12:2300-2305; Valkonen et al. [2003] Appl Environ Microbiol. 12:6979-6986). However, such measures have produced mixed results (Guerfal et al. [2010] Microb Cell Fact. 12:49) and still do not completely eliminate the saturation of the secretory pathways of recombinant host cells (Inan et al. [2006] Biotechnol Bioeng. 12:771-778). The capacity of the secretion machinery of recombinant host cells thus remains a major bottleneck for production of recombinant proteins.

What is needed therefore, are methods and compositions that allow increased expression of desirable recombinant proteins while alleviating the negative impact of overexpression on the recombinant host cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of methods for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are illustrative maps of recombinant vectors that comprise one (FIG. 2A) or 3 (FIG. 2B) polynucleotide sequences encoding a silk-like protein operably linked to an N-terminal secretion signal comprising a functional variant of the secretion signal of the α-mating factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc)) or a recombinant secretion signal consisting of a functional variant of the leader peptide of the a-mating factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (*pro-αMF(sc)) and a signal peptide. (FIG. 2A) Illustrative map of recombinant vector used for introduction of a single copy of the polynucleotide sequences. (FIG. 2B) Illustrative map of recombinant vector used for introduction of triple copies of the polynucleotide sequences.

FIG. 3, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5_show intracellular (non-secreted) and extracellular (secreted) yields of a recombinant silk-like protein produced by various Pichia pastoris recombinant host cells as assayed by ELISA. Legend: 4/5/6×αMF=recombinant host strain comprising 4/5/6 polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to signal sequence pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 8); 4×αMF+3×Pep4=recombinant host strain 4×αMF further comprising 3 polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to signal sequence pre-PEP4(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 9); 4×αMF+3×Dse4=recombinant host strain 4×αMF further comprising 3 polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to signal sequence pre-DSE4(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 10); 4×αMF+2×Ep×1=recombinant host strain 4×αMF further comprising 2 polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to signal sequence pre-EPX1(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 11); and 4×αMF+2×Ep×1+1×CLSP=recombinant host strain 4×αMF+2×Epx1 further comprising 1 polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to signal sequence pre-CLSP(gg)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 12).

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a recombinant vector comprising an expression construct for expressing a polypeptide with recombinant secretion signals, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates secretion levels of alpha-amylase from Pichia pastoris transformed to express recombinant alpha-amylase with various recombinant secretion signals.

FIG. 8 illustrates secretion levels of fluorescent protein from Pichia pastoris transformed to express recombinant fluorescent protein with various recombinant secretion signals.

The figures depict various embodiments of the present disclosure for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

The terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents as used herein refer to both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

Amino acids can be referred to by their single-letter codes or by their three-letter codes. The single-letter codes, amino acid names, and three-letter codes are as follows: G-Glycine (Gly), P-Proline (Pro), A-Alanine (Ala), V-Valine (Val), L-Leucine (Leu), I-Isoleucine (Be), M-Methionine (Met), C-Cysteine (Cys), F-Phenylalanine (Phe), Y-Tyrosine (Tyr), W-Tryptophan (Trp), H-Histidine (His), K-Lysine (Lys), R-Arginine (Arg), Q-Glutamine (Gln), N-Asparagine (Asn), E-Glutamic Acid (Glu), D-Aspartic Acid (Asp), S-Serine (Ser), T-Threonine (Thr).

The term “functional variant” as used herein refers to a protein that differs in composition from a native protein, where the functional properties are preserved to within 10% of the native protein properties. In some embodiments, the difference between the functional variant and the native protein can be in primary amino acid sequence (e.g., one or more amino acids are removed, inserted, or substituted) or post-translation modifications (e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation). Amino acid insertions may comprise N-terminal and/or C-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Amino acid substitution includes non-conservative and conservative substitutions, where conservative amino acid substitution tables are well known in the art (see, for example, Creighton (1984) Proteins. W. H. Freeman and Company (Eds)). In some embodiments, the functional variant and the native protein have an at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid or nucleotide sequence identity.

The terms “identity” or “identical” in the context of nucleic acid or amino acid sequences as used herein refer to the nucleotide or amino acid residues in the two sequences that are the same when the sequences are aligned for maximum correspondence. Depending on the application, the percent “identity” can exist over a region of the sequences being compared (i.e., subsequence [e.g., over a functional domain]) or, alternatively, exist over the full length of the sequences. A “region” is considered to be a continuous stretch of at least 9, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36 nucleotides, or at least 6 amino acids. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally Ausubel et al., infra). One example of an algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm (see, for example, Altschul et al. [1990] J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; Gish & States. [1993] Nature Genet. 3:266-272; Madden et al. [1996] Meth. Enzymol. 266:131-141; Altschul et al. [1997] Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402; Zhang 7 Madden. [1997] Genome Res. 7:649-656). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Such software also can be used to determine the mole percentage of any specified amino acid found within a polypeptide sequence or within a domain of such a sequence. As the person of ordinary skill will recognize such percentages also can be determined through inspection and manual calculation.

The terms “including,” “includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” or variants thereof are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”.

The term “microbe” as used herein refers to a microorganism, and refers to a unicellular organism. As used herein, the term includes all bacteria, all archaea, unicellular protista, unicellular animals, unicellular plants, unicellular fungi, unicellular algae, all protozoa, and all chromista.

The term “native” as used herein refers to what is found in nature in its natural, unmodified state.

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to polynucleotide or amino acid sequences that are in contiguous linkage with a polynucleotide sequence encoding a protein or a protein, as well as to polynucleotide or amino acid sequences that act in trans or at a distance to a polynucleotide sequence encoding a protein, and that control the transcription, translation, folding, secretion, or other functional aspect of the polynucleotide encoding the protein or the protein.

The terms “optional” or “optionally” mean that the feature or structure may or may not be present, or that an event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where a particular feature or structure is present and instances where the feature or structure is absent, or instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where the event or circumstance does not occur.

The term “protein” as used herein refers to both a polypeptide without functional structure and a polypeptide that folds into an active structure.

The term “recombinant protein” as used herein refers to a protein that is produced in a recombinant host cell, or to a protein that is synthesized from a recombinant nucleic acid.

The term “recombinant host cell” as used herein refers to a host cell that comprises a recombinant nucleic acid.

The term “recombinant nucleic acid” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid that is removed from its naturally occurring environment, or a nucleic acid that is not associated with all or a portion of a nucleic acid abutting or proximal to the nucleic acid when it is found in nature, or a nucleic acid that is operatively linked to a nucleic acid that it is not linked to in nature, or a nucleic acid that does not occur in nature, or a nucleic acid that contains a modification that is not found in that nucleic acid in nature (e.g., insertion, deletion, or point mutation introduced artificially, e.g., by human intervention), or a nucleic acid that is integrated into a chromosome at a heterologous site. The term includes cloned DNA isolates and nucleic acids that comprise chemically-synthesized nucleotide analog.

The term “recombinant secretion signal” as used herein refers to a secretion signal that comprises a non-native combination of a signal peptide and a leader peptide.

The term “recombinant vector” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid molecule to which it has been linked. The term includes “plasmids”, which generally refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated, and linear double-stranded molecules, such as those resulting from amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or from treatment of a plasmid with a restriction enzyme. Other non-limiting examples of vectors include bacteriophages, cosmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC), yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), and viral vectors (i.e., complete or partial viral genomes into which additional DNA segments are ligated). Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a recombinant host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., vectors having an origin of replication that functions in the cell). Other vectors upon introduction can be integrated into the genome of a recombinant host cell, and are thereby replicated along with the cell genome.

The term “secreted recombinant protein” as used herein refers to a recombinant protein that is exported across the cellular membrane and/or cell wall of a recombinant host cell that produces the recombinant protein.

The term “secreted yield” as used herein refers to the amount of secreted protein produced by a host cell based on a fixed amount of carbon supplied to a fermentation comprising the host cell.

The term “total yield” as used herein refers to the amount of total protein produced by a host cell based on a fixed amount of carbon supplied to a fermentation comprising the host cell.

The term “truncated” as used herein refers to a protein sequence that is shorter in length than a native protein. In some embodiments, the truncated protein can be greater than 10%, or greater than 20%, or greater than 30%, or greater than 40%, or greater than 50%, or greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 90% of the length of the native protein.

Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice of the present invention and will be apparent to those of skill in the art. All publications and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Wherever a range of values is recited, that range includes every value falling within the range, as if written out explicitly, and further includes the values bounding the range. Thus, a range of “from X to Y” includes every value falling between X and Y, and includes X and Y.

Compositions and Methods for Producing High Secreted Yields of Recombinant Proteins

Provided herein are recombinant host cells and fermentations, and methods that use such recombinant host cells and fermentations for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins.

Advantages of the compositions and methods provided herein include that they provide cost-effective means for producing large quantities of recombinant proteins. The large quantities are obtained using recombinant host cells that secrete recombinant proteins via their secretory pathways. Such secretion of recombinant proteins a) avoids toxicity from intracellular accumulation of recombinant proteins; b) simplifies purification by eliminating cell disruption, separation from cellular components, and protein refolding processes; and c) provides properly folded recombinant proteins with post-translational modifications that may be critical to the activity/function of the recombinant proteins.

Recombinant Host Cells

The recombinant host cells provided herein are host cells that employ multiple distinct secretion signals for effecting secretion of a recombinant protein.

Secretion Signals

To be secreted, a protein has to travel through the intracellular secretory pathway of a cell that produces it. The protein is directed to this pathway, rather than to alternative cellular destinations, via an N-terminal secretion signal. At a minimum, a secretion signal comprises a signal peptide. Signal peptides typically consist of 13 to 36 mostly hydrophobic amino acids flanked by N-terminal basic amino acids and C-terminal polar amino acids. The signal peptide interacts with the signal recognition particle (SRP) or other transport proteins (e.g., SND, GET) that mediates the co- or post-translational translocation of the nascent protein from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER. In the ER, the signal peptide is typically cleaved off and the protein folds and undergoes post-translational modifications. The protein is then delivered from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and then on to secretory vesicles and the cell exterior. In addition to a signal peptide, a subset of nascent proteins natively destined for secretion carry a secretion signal that also comprises a leader peptide. Leader peptides typically consist of hydrophobic amino acids interrupted by charged or polar amino acids. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the leader peptide slows down transport and ensures proper folding of the protein, and/or facilitates transport of the protein from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, where the leader peptide is typically cleaved off.

The amount of protein that is secreted from a cell varies significantly between proteins, and is dependent in part on the secretion signal that is operably linked to the protein in its nascent state. A number of secretion signals are known in the art, and some are commonly used for production of secreted recombinant proteins. Prominent among these is the secretion signal of the α-mating factor (αMF) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which consists of a N-terminal 19-amino-acid signal peptide (also referred to herein as pre-αMF(sc)) followed by a 70-amino-acid leader peptide (also referred to herein as pro-αMF(sc); SEQ ID NO: 1). Inclusion of pro-αMF(sc) in the secretion signal of the αMF of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (also referred to herein as pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 7) has proven critical for achieving high secreted yields of proteins (see, for example, Fitzgerald & Glick [2014] Microb Cell Fact 28;13(1):125; Fahnestock et al. [2000] J Biotechnol 74(2):105). Addition of pro-αMF(sc) or functional variants thereof to signal peptides other than pre-αMF(sc) has also been explored as a means of achieving secretion of recombinant proteins, but has shown variable degrees of effectiveness, increasing secretion for certain recombinant proteins in certain recombinant host cells but having no effect or decreasing secretion for other recombinant proteins (Fitzgerald & Glick. [2014] Microb Cell Fact 28;13(1):125; Liu et al. [2005] Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 326(4):817-24 ; Obst et al. [2017] ACS Synth Biol. 2017 Mar. 2).

The invention provided herein is based on the surprising discovery made by the inventors that the use of multiple distinct secretion signals can improve the secreted yields of recombinant proteins. Specifically, the inventors found that compared to recombinant host cells that comprise multiple polynucleotide sequences encoding a recombinant protein operably linked to just one secretion signal (e.g., pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc)), recombinant host cells that comprise the same number of polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant protein operably linked to at least 2 distinct secretion signals produce higher secreted yields of the recombinant protein. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the use of at least 2 distinct secretion signals may permit the recombinant host cell to engage distinct cellular secretory pathways to effect efficient secretion of the recombinant protein and thus prevent over-satuaration of any one secretion pathway.

Accordingly, the recombinant host cells provided herein are host cells that comprise at least 2 polynucleotide sequences that encode a recombinant protein operably linked to at least 2 distinct secretion signals. The secretion signals are typically linked to the N-terminus of the protein.

In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide but no leader peptide. In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide and a leader peptide. In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals is a native secretion signal or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to the native secretion signal. In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals is a recombinant secretion signal.

In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide selected from Table 1 or is a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, the functional variant is a signal peptide selected from Table 1 that comprises one or two substituted amino acids. In some such embodiments, the functional variant has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, the signal peptide mediates translocation of the nascent recombinant protein into the ER post-translationally (i.e., protein synthesis precedes translocation such that the nascent recombinant protein is present in the cell cytosol prior to translocating into the ER). In other embodiments, the signal peptide mediates translocation of the nascent recombinant protein into the ER co-translationally (i.e., protein synthesis and translocation into the ER occur simultaneously). An advantage of using a signal peptide that mediates co-translational translocation into the ER is that recombinant proteins prone to rapid folding are prevented from assuming conformations that hinder translocation into the ER and thus secretion.

TABLE 1 Signal Peptides Source SEQ Gene ID Species Name ID NO Sequence PEP4 Saccharomyces pre- 3 MFSLKALLPL cerevisiae PEP4(sc) ALLLVSANQV AA PAS_chr1- Pichia pre- 4 MSFSSNVPQL 1_0130 pastoris DSE4(pp) FLLLVLLTNI VSG PAS_chr3_ Pichia pre- 5 MKLSTNLILA 0076 pastoris EPX1(pp) IAAASAVVSA P00698 Gallus pre- 6 MRSLLILVLC gallus CLSP(gg) FLPLAALG

In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretions signals comprises a leader peptide that is native pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the functional variant is native pro-αMF(sc) comprising one or two substituted amino acids. In some embodiments, the functional variant is *pro-αMF (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the functional variant has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the functional variant is αMF_no_EAEA or αMFΔ or αMFΔ_no_Kex (Obst et al. [2017] ACS Synth Biol. 2017 Mar. 2).

In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals comprises a leader peptide is native pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and a signal peptide that does not comprise pre-αMF(sc). In some embodiments, the functional variant has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; is native pro-αMF(sc) comprising one or two substituted amino acids; is *pro-αMF (SEQ ID NO: 2); or is αMF_no_EAEA or αMFΔ or αMFΔ_no_Kex (Obst et al. [2017] ACS Synth Biol. 2017 Mar. 2). In some embodiments, the signal peptide is selected from Table 1; is a signal peptide selected from Table 1 that comprises one or two substituted amino acids; or has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, at least one of the distinct secretion signals is native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 7) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and at least one other of the distinct secretion signals is a recombinant secretion signal that comprises native pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and a signal peptide that is not pre-αMF(sc). In some embodiments, the functional variant of native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc); is native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) comprising two to four substituted amino acid changes; is pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 8); or has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some such embodiments, and functional variant of native pro-αMF(sc) is native pro-αMF(sc) comprising one or two substituted amino acid changes; is *pro-αMF (SEQ ID NO: 2); has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; or is αMF_no_EAEA or αMFΔ]or αMFΔ_no_Kex (Obst et al. [2017] ACS Synth Biol. 2017 Mar. 2). In some embodiments, the signal peptide that is not pre-αMF(sc) is selected from Table 1 or is a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table 1. In some such embodiments, the signal peptide is a signal peptide selected from Table 1 that comprises one or two substituted amino acids; or has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant secretion signal is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9 through 12 in Table 2 or is a functional variant that has an at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or are at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a recombinant secretion signal selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9 through 12.

TABLE 2 Recombinant Secretion Signals SEQ Name ID NO Sequence pre-αMF(sc)/  7 MRFPSIFTAVLFAASSALAAPVNTTT pro-αMF(sc) EDETAWAEAVIGYLDLEGDFDVAVLP FSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGV SLDKREAEA pre-αMF(sc)/  8 MRFPSIFTAVLFAASSALAAPVNTTT *pro-αMF(sc) EDETAWAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVLP FSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGV SLEKREAEA pre-PEP4(sc)/  9 MFSLKALLPLALLLVSANQVAAAPVN *pro-αMF(sc) TTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFD VAVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAA KEEGVSLEKREAEA pre-DSE4(pp)/ 10 MSFSSNVPQLFLLLVLLTNIVSGAPV *pro-αMF(sc) NTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDF DVAVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIA AKEEGVSLEKREAEA pre-EPX1(pp)/ 11 MKLSTNLILAIAAASAVVSAAPVNTT *pro-αMF(sc) TEDETAWAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVL PFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEG VSLEKREAEA pre-CLSP(gg)/ 12 MRSLLILVLCFLPLAALGAPVNTTTE *pro-αMF(sc) DETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVL PFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEG VSLEKREAEA

Suitable distinct secretion signals and combinations of secretion signals can be identified by using methods disclosed herein. Such methods comprise the steps of:

-   a) measuring secreted yields of a recombinant protein produced by a     recombinant host cell A that comprises z copies of a first     polynucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant protein operably     linked to a first secretion signal; -   b) measuring secreted yields of the recombinant protein produced by     a recombinant host cell B that comprises m copies of the first     polynucleotide sequence and n copies of a second polynucleotide     sequence encoding the recombinant protein operably linked to a     second secretion signal, wherein recombinant host cell A and     recombinant host cell B are identical except for the number of     copies of the first and second polynucleotide sequences, wherein     m+n=z, and wherein the first and second secretion signals are not     identical; and -   c) selecting a combination of a first and a second secretion signal     that provides at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%,     at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least     60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%     greater secreted yield of the recombinant protein in recombinant     host cell B than is achieved with recombinant host cell A.

In some embodiments, recombinant host cell B comprises y copies of a third polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant protein operably linked to a third secretion signal, wherein recombinant host cell A and recombinant host cell B are identical except for the number of copies of the first, second, and third polynucleotide sequences, wherein m+n+y=z, and wherein the first, second, and third secretion signals are not identical. In further embodiments, recombinant host cell B comprises additional polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant protein operably linked to additional distinct secretion signals. In embodiments in which a recombinant host cell A that comprises the same number of polynucleotide sequences as a recombinant host cell B cannot be isolated, step c) can use a recombinant host cell A that comprises fewer copies polynucleotide sequences. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inability to isolate a recombinant host cell A with a certain number of polynucleotide sequences may be due to a genetic instability or poor host cell health effected by an increased number of copies of identical polynucleotide sequences.

In some embodiments, the expression constructs are stably integrated within the genome (e.g., a chromosome) of the recombinant host cells, e.g., via homologous recombination or targeted integration. Non-limiting examples of suitable sites for genomic integration include the Ty1 loci in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, the rDNA and HSP82 loci in the Pichia pastoris genome, and transposable elements that have copies scattered throughout the genome of the recombinant host cells. In other embodiments, the expression constructs are not stably integrated within the genome of the recombinant host cells but rather are maintained extrachromosomally (e.g., on a plasmid). The polynucleotide sequences may be positioned at a single location within the genome of the recombinant host cells, or be distributed across the genome of the recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are arranged in the genomes of the recombinant host cells as head-to-tail expression cassette multimers.

The use of at least 2 distinct secretion signals as provided herein provides for high secreted yields of recombinant proteins. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the recombinant host cells produce secreted yields of the recombinant protein of at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, or at least 30%; from 1% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 50%, to 40%, to 30%, to 20%, or 10%; from 10% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 50%, to 40%, to 30%, or to 20%; from 20% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 50%, to 40%, or to 30%; from 30% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 50%, or to 40%; from 40% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, or to 50%; from 50% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, or to 60%; from 60% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, or to 70%; from 70% to 100%, to 90%, or to 80%; from 80% to 100%, or to 90%; or from 90% to 100% by weight of total yields of the recombinant protein produced by the recombinant host cells. The identities of proteins produced can be confirmed by HPLC quantification, Western blot analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 2-dimensional mass spectroscopy (2D-MS/MS) sequence identification.

Recombinant Proteins

The recombinant proteins encoded by the at least 2 polynucleotide sequences comprised in the recombinant host cells provided herein may be any protein.

In some embodiments, the recombinant proteins are silk or silk-like proteins. Such silk or silk-like proteins can be selected from a vast array of full-length or truncated native silk proteins or of functional variants of full-length or truncated native silk proteins, or comprise domains of native silk proteins or of functional variants of silk proteins. Putative native silk proteins can be identified by searching sequence databases (e.g., GenBank) for relevant terms (e.g., silkworm silk, spider silk, spidroin, fibroin, MaSp), and translating any nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins are full-length or truncated native silk proteins of a silkworm, or functional variants of full-length or truncated native silk proteins of a silkworm, or comprise domains of native or functional variants of native silk proteins of a silkworm. In some such embodiments, the silkworm is Bombyx mori.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins are full-length or truncated native silk proteins of a spider, or functional variants of full-length or truncated native silk proteins of a spider, or comprise domains of native or functional variants of native silk proteins of a spider. In some embodiments, the native silk proteins are selected from the group consisting of Major Ampullate spider fibroin (MaSp, also called dragline; e.g., MaSp1, MaSp2) silk proteins, Minor Ampullate spider fibroin (MiSp) silk proteins, Flagelliform spider fibroin (Flag) silk proteins, Aciniform spider fibroin (AcSp) silk proteins, Tubuliform spider fibroin (TuSp) silk proteins, and Pyriform spider fibroin (PySp) silk proteins of orb weaving spiders. In some embodiments, the spider is selected from the group consisting of Agelenopsis aperta, Aliatypus gulosus, Aphonopelma seemanni, Aptostichus sp. AS217, Aptostichus sp. AS220, Araneus diadematus, Araneus gemmoides, Araneus ventricosus, Argiope amoena, Argiope argentata, Argiope bruennichi, Argiope trifasciata, Atypoides riversi, Avicularia juruensis, Bothriocyrtum californicum, Deinopis Spinosa, Diguetia canities, Dolomedes tenebrosus, Euagrus chisoseus, Euprosthenops australis, Gasteracantha mammosa, Hypochilus thorelli, Kukulcania hibernalis, Latrodectus hesperus, Megahexura fulva, Metepeira grandiosa, Nephila antipodiana, Nephila clavata, Nephila clavipes, Nephila madagascariensis, Nephila pilipes, Nephilengys cruentata, Parawixia bistriata, Peucetia viridans, Plectreurys tristis, Poecilotheria regalis, Tetragnatha kauaiensis, or Uloborus diversus.

Typically, silk proteins are large proteins (>150 kDa, >1000 amino acids) that can be broken down into 3 domains: an N-terminal non-repetitive domain (NTD), a repeat domain (REP), and a C-terminal non-repetitive domain (CTD). The REP comprises blocks of amino acid sequences (“repeat units”) that are at least 12 amino acids long and that are repeated either perfectly (“exact-repeat units”) or imperfectly (“quasi-repeat units”), and that can comprise 2 to 10 amino acid long sequence motifs (see FIG. 1). REPs typically make up about 90% of the native spider silk proteins, and assemble into the alanine-rich nano-crystalline (<10 nm) domains (likely made up of alternating beta sheets) and glycine-rich amorphous domains (possibly containing alpha-helices and/or beta-turns) that, without wanting to be bound by theory, are believed to confer strength and flexibility to spider silk fibers, respectively. The lengths and compositions of the REPs are known to vary among different spider silk proteins and across different spider species, giving rise to a broad range of silk fibers with specific properties.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more native or functional variants of native REPs (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), zero or more native or functional variants of NTDs (e.g., 0, 1), and zero or more native or functional variants of native CTDs (e.g., 0, 1). In some embodiments, the silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more NTDs that each comprise from 75 to 350 amino acids. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more CTDs that each comprise from 75 to 350 amino acids. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more REPs that comprise repeat units that each comprise more than 60, more than 100, more than 150, more than 200, more than 250, more than 300, more than 350, more than 400, more than 450, more than 500, more than 600, more than 700, more than 800, more than 900, more than 1000, more than 1250, more than 1500, more than 1750, or more than 2000; from 60 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, to 350, to 300, to 250, to 200, to 150, or to 100; from 100 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, to 350, to 300, to 250, to 200, or to 150; from 150 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, to 350, to 300, to 250, or to 200; from 200 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, to 350, to 300, or to 250; from 250 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, to 350, or to 300; from 300 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, to 400, or to 350; from 350 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, to 450, or to 400; from 400 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, to 500, or to 450; from 450 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, to 600, or to 500; from 500 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, to 700, or to 600; from 600 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, to 800, or to 700; from 700 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, to 900, or to 800; from 800 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, to 1000, or to 900; from 900 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, to 1250, or to 1000; from 1000 to 2000, to 1750, to 1500, or to 1250; from 1250 to 2000, to 1750, or to 1500; from 1500 to 2000, or to 1750; or from 1750 to 2000 amino acid residues.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise greater than 2, greater than 4, greater than 6, greater than 8, greater than 10, greater than 12, greater than 14, greater than 16, greater than 18, greater than 20, greater than 22, greater than 24, greater than 26, greater than 28, or greater than 30; from 2 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, to 14, to 12, to 10, to 8, to 6, or to 4; from 4 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, to 14, to 12, to 10, to 8, or to 6; from 6 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, to 14, to 12, to 10, or to 8; from 8 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, to 14, to 12, or to 10; from 10 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, to 14, or to 12; from 12 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, to 16, or to 14; from 14 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, to 18, or to 16; from 16 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, to 20, or to 18; from 18 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, to 22, or to 20; from 20 to 30, to 28, to 26, to 24, or to 22; from 22 to 30, to 28, to 26, or to 24; from 24 to 30, to 28, or to 26; from 26 to 30, or to 28; from 28 to 30 exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units that each have molecular weights of greater than 5 kDa, greater than 10 kDa, greater than 20 kDa, greater than 30 kDa, greater than 40 kDa, greater than 50 kDa, greater than 60 kDa, greater than 70 kDa, greater than 80 kDa, or greater than 90 kDa; from 5 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, to 60 kDa, to 50 kDa, to 40 kDa, to 30 kDa, to 20 kDa, or to 10 kDa; from 10 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, to 60 kDa, to 50 kDa, to 40 kDa, to 30 kDa, or to 20 kDa; from 20 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, to 60 kDa, to 50 kDa, to 40 kDa, or to 30 kDa; from 30 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, to 60 kDa, to 50 kDa, or to 40 kDa; from 40 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, to 60 kDa, or to 50 kDa; from 50 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, to 70 kDa, or to 60 kDa; from 60 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, to 80 kDa, or to 70 kDa; from 70 kDa to 100 kDa, to 90 kDa, or to 80 kDa; from 80 kDa to 100 kDa, or to 90 kDa; or from 90 kDa to 100 kDa. In some such embodiments, the order of the 2 or more exact-repeat or quasi-repeat units within the silk or silk or silk-like proteins is not native.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise more than 1, more than 2, more than 4, more than 6, more than 8, more than 10, more than 15, more than 20, or more than 25; from 1 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, to 6, to 4, or to 2; from 2 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, to 6, or to 4; from 4 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, or to 6; from 6 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, or to 8; from 8 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, or to 10; from 10 to 30, to 25, to 20, or to 15; from 15 to 30, to 25, or to 20; from 20 to 30, or to 25; or from 25 to 30 exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units that are glycine-rich. In some such embodiments, one or more of the glycine-rich exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units comprise more than 4, more than 6, more than 8, more than 10, more than 12, more than 15, more than 18, more than 20, more than 25, more than 30, more than 40, more than 50, more than 60, more than 70, more than 80, more than 90, more than 100, or more than 150; from 4 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, to 10, to 8, or to 6; from 6 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, to 10, or to 8; from 8 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, or to 10; from 10 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, to 18, to 15, or to 12; from 12 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, to 18, or to 15; from 15 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, to 20, or to 18; from 18 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, to 25, or to 20; from 20 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, to 30, or to 25; from 25 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, to 40, or to 30; from 30 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, to 50, or to 40; from 40 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, or to 50; from 50 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, or to 60; from 60 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, to 80, or to 70; from 70 to 200, to 150, to 100, to 90, or to 80; from 80 to 200, to 150, to 100, or to 90; from 90 to 200, to 150, or to 100; from 100 to 200, or to 150; or from 150 to 200 consecutive amino acids that are more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 70%, or more than 80%; from 30% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 55%, to 50%, to 45%, or to 40%; from 40% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 55%, to 50%, or to 45%; from 45% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, to 55%, or to 50%; from 50% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, to 60%, or to 55%; from 55% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, to 70%, or to 60%; from 60% to 100%, to 90%, to 80%, or to 70%; from 70% to 100%, to 90%, or to 80%; from 80% to 100%, or to 90%; or from 90% to 100% glycine.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise more than 1, more than 2, more than 4, more than 6, more than 8, more than 10, more than 15, more than 20, or more than 25; from 1 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, to 6, to 4, or to 2; from 2 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, to 6, or to 4; from 4 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, to 8, or to 6; from 6 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, or to 8; from 8 to 30, to 25, to 20, to 15, or to 10; from 10 to 30, to 25, to 20, or to 15; from 15 to 30, to 25, or to 20; from 20 to 30, or to 25; or from 25 to 30 exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units that are alanine-rich. In some such embodiments, one or more of the alanine-rich exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units comprise more than 4, more than 6, more than 8, more than 10, more than 12, more than 15, or more than 18; from 4 to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, to 10, to 8, or to 6; from 6 to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, to 10, or to 8; from 8 to 20, to 18, to 15, to 12, or to 10; from 10 to 18, to 15, or to 12; from 12 to 20, to 18, or to 15; from 15 to 20, or to 18; or from 18 to 20; consecutive amino acids that are more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, more than 85%, or more than 90%; from 70% to 100%, to 90%, to 85%, to 80%, or to 75%; from 75% to 100%, to 90%, to 85%, or to 80%; from 80% to 100%, to 90%, or to 85%; from 85% to 100%, or to 90%; or from 90% to 100% alanine.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more glycine-rich exact-repeat and/or quasi-repeat units that are from 20 to 100 amino acids long and that are concatenated with poly-alanine-rich regions that are from 4 to 20 amino acids long. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 5-25% poly-alanine regions (from 4 to 20 poly-alanine residues). In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 25-50% glycine. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 15-35% GGX, where X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 15-60% GPG. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 10-40% alanine. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 0-20% proline. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 10-50% beta-turns. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 10-50% alpha-helix composition. In some embodiments, all of these compositional ranges apply to the same silk or silk or silk-like protein. In some embodiments, 2 or more of these compositional ranges apply to the same silk or silk or silk-like protein.

In some embodiments, the structure of the silk or silk or silk-like proteins form beta-sheet structures, beta-turn structures, or alpha-helix structures. In some embodiments, the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of the silk or silk or silk-like proteins have nanocrystalline beta-sheet regions, amorphous beta-turn regions, amorphous alpha helix regions, randomly spatially distributed nanocrystalline regions embedded in a non-crystalline matrix, or randomly oriented nanocrystalline regions embedded in a non-crystalline matrix. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins are highly crystalline. In other embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins are highly amorphous. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise both crystalline and amorphous regions. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise from 10% to 40% crystalline material by volume.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more exact-repeat or quasi-repeat units that have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a repeat unit of a native spider silk protein. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more exact-repeat or quasi-repeat units that have an at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a repeat unit of a native spider dragline silk protein. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more exact-repeat or quasi-repeat units that have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a repeat unit of a native MA dragline silk protein. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more exact-repeat or quasi-repeat units that have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a repeat unit of a native MaSp2 dragline silk protein.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more quasi-repeat units, wherein the amino acid sequence of each quasi-repeat unit is described by Equation 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of X1 (termed a “motif”) is described by Equation 2 and can vary randomly within each quasi-repeat unit. The sequence [GPG-X1]_(n1) (SEQ ID NO: 113) is referred to as “first region”, and is glycine-rich. The sequence (A)_(n2) (SEQ ID NO: 114) is referred to as “second region”, and is alanine-rich. In some embodiments, the value of n1 is any one of 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, the value of n2 is any one of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In some embodiments, the value of n3 is any one from 2 to 20. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more of quasi-repeat units that have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to a quasi-repeat unit described by Equations 1 and 2.

(Equation 1) (SEQ ID NO: 115) {GGY-[GPG-X1]_(n1)-GPS-(A)_(n2)}_(n3) (Equation 2) X1 = (SEQ ID NO: 116) SGGQQ or (SEQ ID NO: 117) GAGQQ or (SEQ ID NO: 118) GQGPY or (SEQ ID NO: 119) AGQQ or SQ

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units as described by Equation 1 and Equation 2, wherein n1 is 4 or 5 for at least half of the quasi-repeat units. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units as described by Equation 1 and Equation 2, wherein n2 is from 5 to 8 for at least half of the quasi-repeat units.

The term “short quasi-repeat unit” as used herein refers to a repeat unit in which n1 is 4 or 5 (as shown in Equation 1). The term “long quasi-repeat unit” as used herein refers to a repeat in which n1 is 6, 7, or 8 (as shown in Equation 1). In some embodiments, n1 is from 4 to 5 for at least half of the quasi-repeat units. In some embodiments, n2 is from 5 to 8 for at least half of the quasi-repeat units. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise 3 “long quasi-repeat units” followed by 3 “short quasi-repeat units”. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units that do not have the same X₁ motifs more than twice in a row, or more than 2 times, in a single quasi-repeat. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units that comprise the same X₁ motifs in the same location. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units that comprise the same Equation 2 sequence in the same location. In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise quasi-repeat units wherein no more than 3 quasi-repeat units out of 6 share the same X₁.

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise Xqr quasi-repeat units, wherein

Xqr=Xsqr+X1qr   (Equation 3),

wherein Xqr is a number from 2 to 20;Xsqr is the number of short quasi-repeats, and a number from 1 to (Xqr-1); and X1qr is the number of long quasi-repeats, and a number from 1 to (Xqr-1). In some embodiments, X_(qr) is a number from 2 to 20. Non-limiting examples of amino acid sequences of repeat units are given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Repeat Units of Silk or Silk-Like Proteins SEQ ID NO Sequence 13 GGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG GAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQRSQGPG GQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQG PYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGP GSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 14 GGQGGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAAAAAGGDGGSGLGGYGAGRGHGVGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAG GQGGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAAAAAGGDGGSGLGGYGAGRGHGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAGG QGGRGGFGGLGSQGSGGAGQGGSGAAAAAAAAGGDGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAGGQ GGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGSGAAAAAAAAVADGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAT 15 GSAPQGAGGPAPQGPSQQGPVSQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQ GPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQ GPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAA AGGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAA 16 GGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG GAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQG PGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGP YGGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 17 GPGARRQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQG PGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG SQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAG GYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 18 GPGARRQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQG PGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGS QGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGG YGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 19 GGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG GAGQQGPEGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGP SAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPG GQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAA 20 GVFSAGQGATPWENSQLAESFISRFLRFIGQSGAFSPNQLDDMSSIGDTLKTAIEKMAQSRKSSKSKLQALNMAFAS SMAEIAVAEQGGLSLEAKTNAIASALSAAFLETTGYVNQQFVNEIKTLIFMIAQASSNEISGSAAAAGGSSGGGGGS GQGGYGQGAYASASAAAAYGSAPQGTGGPASQGPSQQGPVSQPSYGPSATVAVTAVGGRPQGPSAPRQQGPSQQ GPGQQGPGGRGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 21 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGSGASTSVSTSSSSGSGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAGFGSGLGLGY GVGLSSAQAQAQAQAAAQAQAQAQAQAYAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAAAAAAAAAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAG SGASTSVSTSSSSGSGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAGFGSGLGLGYGVGLSSAQAQAQAQAAA QAQAQAQAQAYAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAAAAAAAAA 22 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGSGASTSVSTSSSSGSGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAAFGSGLGLGY GVGLSSAQAQAQAQAAAQAQADAQAQAYAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAAAAAAAAAGAGAGAGAGSGAGAGAG SGASTSVSTSSSSGSGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAGFGSGLGLGYGVGLSSAQAQAQAQAAA QAQADAQAQAYAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAAAAAAAAA 23 GAGAGAGAGSGAGAGAGSGASTSVSTSSSSGSGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAGFGSGLGLGY GVGLSSAQAQAQSAAAARAQADAQAQAYAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAAAAAAAAAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAG SGASTSVSTSSSSASGAGAGAGSGAGSGAGAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGAGFGSGLGLGYGVGLSSAQAQAQAQAAA QAQAQAQAQALAAAQAQAQAQAQAQAAAATAAAAAA 24 GGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGG YGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGS GGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGA GQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 25 GGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGG YGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSG GQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAG QQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAA 26 GHQGPHRKTPWETPEMAENFMNNVRENLEASRIFPDELMKDMEAITNTMIAAVDGLEAQHRSSYASLQAMNTAF ASSMAQLFATEQDYVDTEVIAGAIGKAYQQITGYENPHLASEVTRLIQLFREEDDLENEVEISFADTDNAIARAAAG AAAGSAAASSSADASATAEGASGDSGFLFSTGTFGRGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASAAAAGAEGDRGLFFSTGDFG RGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASAAAA 27 GGAQKHPSGEYSVATASAAATSVTSGGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGESNTFS SSFASALGGNRGFSGVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGASASAYAQAFARVLYPLL QQYGLSSSADASAFASAIASSFSTGVAGQGPSVPYVGQQQPSIMVSAASASAAASAAAVGGGPVVQGPYDGGQPQ QPNIAASAAAAATATSS 28 GGQGGRGGFGGLGSQGEGGAGQGGAGAAAAAAAAGADGGFGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAG GQGGRSGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAAAAAGADGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGASLGGADGAGAASAAAAAGG QGGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAAAAASGDGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAGGE GGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGSLAAAAAAAA 29 GPGGYGGPGQPGPGQGQYGPGPGQQGPRQGGQQGPASAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPGQQGPRQGQQQGPASAAAAA AAAAAGPRGYGGPGQQGPVQGGQQGPASAAAAAAAAGVGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQYGPGTGQQGQGPSGQQGPA GAAAAAAGGAAGPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQYGPGTGQQGQGPSGQQGPAGAAAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPGQQGPG QGQYGPGAGQQGQGPGSQQGPASAAAAAA 30 GSGAGQGTGAGAGAAAAAAGAAGSGAGQGAGSGAGAAAAAAAASAAGAGQGAGSGSGAGAAAAAAAAAGAG QGAGSGSGAGAAAAAAAAAAAAQQQQQQQAAAAAAAAAAAAAGSGQGASFGVTQQFGAPSGAASSAAAAAA AAAAAAAGSGAGQEAGTGAGAAAAAAAAGAAGSGAGQGAGSGAGAAAAAAAAASAAGAGQGAGSGSGAGAA AAAAAAAAAAQQQQQQQAAAAAAAAAAAAA 31 GGAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSAGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSYVQPATSQQGPIGGAGRSNAFS SSFASALSGNRGFSEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV QQYGLSSSAKASAFASAIASSFSSGAAGQGQSIPYGGQQQPPMTISAASASAGASAAAVKGGQVGQGPYGGQQQST AASASAAATTATA 32 GADGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGADGAGAASAAAAAGGQGGRGGFGRLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAVAAAG GDGGSGLGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAAGGQGGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAASGDGGSG LGGYGAGRGYGAGLGGADGAGAASAASAAGGQGGRGGFGGLGSQGAGGAGQGGAGAAAAAATAGGDGGSGL GGYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGAASAAAAA 33 GAGAGQGGRGGYGQGGFGGQGSGAGAGASAAAGAGAGQGGRGGYGQGGFGGQGSGAGAGASAAAGAGAGQG GRGGYGQGGFGGQGSGAGAGASAAAAAGAGQGGRGGYGQGGLGGSGSGAGAGAGAAAAAAAGAGGYGQGGL GGYGQGAGAGQGGLGGYGSGAGAGASAAAAAGAGGAGQGGLGGYGQGAGAGQGGLGGYGSGAGAGAAAAA AAGAGGSGQGGLGGYGSGGGAGGASAAAA 34 GAYAYAYAIANAFASILANTGLLSVSSAASVASSVASAIATSVSSSSAAAAASASAAAAASAGASAASSASASSSAS AAAGAGAGAGAGASGASGAAGGSGGFGLSSGFGAGIGGLGGYPSGALGGLGIPSGLLSSGLLSPAANQRIASLIPLI LSAISPNGVNFGVIGSNIASLASQISQSGGGIAASQAFTQALLELVAAFIQVLSSAQIGAVSSSSASAGATANAFAQSL SSAFAG 35 GAAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSGGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGGSNAF SSSFASALSLNRGFTEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV RQYGLSSSGKASAFASAIASSFSSGTSGQGPSIGQQQPPVTISAASASAGASAAAVGGGQVGQGPYGGQQQSTAASA SAAAATATS 36 GAAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSGGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGGSNAF SSSFASALSLNRGFTEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV RQYGLSSSGKASAFASAIASSFSSGTSGQGPSIGQQQPPVTISAASASAGASAAAVGGGQVGQGPYGGQQQSTAASA SAAAATATS 37 GAAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSGGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGGSNAF SSSFASALSLNRGFTEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV QQYGLSSSAKASAFASAIASSFSSGTSGQGPSIGQQQPPVTISAASASAGASAAAVGGGQVGQGPYGGQQQSTAAS ASAAAATATS 38 GGAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSAGAPVGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGGSNAF SSSFASALSLNRGFTEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV QQYGLSSSAKASAFASAIASSFSSGTSGQGPSNGQQQPPVTISAASASAGASAAAVGGGQVSQGPYGGQQQSTAAS ASAAAATATS 39 GGAQKQPSGESSVATASAAATSVTSAGAPGGKPGVPAPIFYPQGPLQQGPAPGPSNVQPGTSQQGPIGGVGGSNAF SSSFASALSLNRGFTEVISSASATAVASAFQKGLAPYGTAFALSAASAAADAYNSIGSGANAFAYAQAFARVLYPLV QQYGLSSSAKASAFASAIASSFSSGTSGQGPSIGQQQPPVTISAASASAGASAAAVGGGQVGQGPYGGQQQSTAAS ASAAAATATS 40 GPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQQQGPASAAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQQQGPASAAAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPG QQRPGQAQYGRGTGQQGQGPGAQQGPASAAAAAAAGAGLYGGPGQQGPGQGQQQGPASAAAAAAAAAAAGPG GYGGPGQQGPGQAQQQGPASAAAAAAAGPGGYSGPGQQGPGQAQQQGPASAAAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPGQQGP GQGQQQGPASAAAAAAATAA 41 GAGGDGGLFLSSGDFGRGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASSAAAGARGGSGFGVGTGGFGRGGAGDGASAAAASAAA ASAAAAGAGGDSGLFLSSGDFGRGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASAAAAGTGGVGGLFLSSGDFGRGGAGAGAGAAA ASAAAASSAAAGARGGSGFGVGTGGFGRGGPGAGTGAAAASAAAASAAAAGAGGDSGLFLSSEDFGRGGAGAG TGAAAASAAAASAAAA 42 GAGRGYGGGYGGGAAAGAGAGAGAGRGYGGGYGGGAGSGAGSGAGAGGGSGYGRGAGAGAGAGAAAAAGA GAGGAGGYGGGAGAGAGASAAAGAGAGAGGAGGYGGGYGGGAGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGAGAGAGRGYGGGF GGGAGSGAGAGAGAGGGSGYGRGAGGYGGGYGGGAGTGAGAAAATGAGAGAGAGRGYGGGYGGGAGAGAG AGAGAGGGSGYGRGAGAGASVAA 43 GALGQGASVWSSPQMAENFMNGFSMALSQAGAFSGQEMKDFDDVRDIMNSAMDKMIRSGKSGRGAMRAMNAA FGSAIAEIVAANGGKEYQIGAVLDAVTNTLLQLTGNADNGFLNEISRLITLFSSVEANDVSASAGADASGSSGPVGG YSSGAGAAVGQGTAQAVGYGGGAQGVASSAAAGATNYAQGVSTGSTQNVATSTVTTTTNVAGSTATGYNTGYG IGAAAGAAA 44 GGQGGQGGYDGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAAASGAGSAQRGGLGAGGAGQGYGAGSGGQGGAGQGGAA AATAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGSGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAAASGDGGAGQEGLGAGGAGQGYGAGLGGQGG AGQGGAAAAAAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAAASGAGGAGQGGLGAAGAGQGYGA GSGGQGGAGQGGAAAAAAAAA 45 GGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGVAAAAAAASGAGGAGRGGLGAGGAGQEYGAVSGGQGGAGQGGEA AAAAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAAASGAGGARRGGLGAGGAGQGYGAGLGGQGG AGQGSASAAAAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGSGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAAASGAGGAGRGSLGAGGAGQGYGAG LGGQGGAGQGGAAAAASAAA 46 GPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQYGPGTGQQGQGPGGQQGPVGAAAAAAAAVSSGGYGSQGAGQGGQQGSGQRGPAAA GPGGYSGPGQQGPGQGGQQGPASAAAAAAAAAGPGGYGGSGQQGPGQGRGTGQQGQGPGGQQGPASAAAAAA AGPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQYGPGTGQQGQGPASAAAAAAAGPGGYGGPGQQGPGQGQYGPGTGQQGQGPGGQQ GPGGASAAAAAAA 47 GGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG GAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQRSQGPG GQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGPGAGRQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYG PSAAAAAAAA 48 GQGGQGGQGGLGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGRGQGGYGQGSGGNAAAAAAAAAAAASGQGSQG GQGGQGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAASGRGQGGYGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGQGGQGGYGGL GQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAGGQGGQGQGGYGQGSGGSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGRGQGGYGQGSGG NAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 49 GRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGQQGPG GSGAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGPGAAAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPG AAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGQQGPGGSGAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGP GAAAAAAAA 50 GRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGSGAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGTGAAAAAAAGSGA GGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGPGAAAAAAAGSGPGGYGPGQQGPGGSSAAAAAAGPGRYGPG QQGPGAAAAASAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGPGAAAAAAAGSGPGGYGPGQQGPGG PGAAAAAAA 51 GAAATAGAGASVAGGYGGGAGAAAGAGAGGYGGGYGAVAGSGAGAAAAASSGAGGAAGYGRGYGAGSGAG AGAGTVAAYGGAGGVATSSSSATASGSRIVTSGGYGYGTSAAAGAGVAAGSYAGAVNRLSSAEAASRVSSNIAAI ASGGASALPSVISNIYSGVVASGVSSNEALIQALLELLSALVHVLSSASIGNVSSVGVDSTLNVVQDSVGQYVG 52 GGQGGFSGQGQGGFGPGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAARQGGQGQGGFGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQGGQGGF SGRGQGGFGPGAGSSAAAAAAGQGGQGQGGFGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGQGGQGRGGFGQGAGGNA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQGGQGGFGGRGQGGFGPGAGSSAAAAAAGQGGQGRGGFGQGAGGNAAAASAAAAAS AAAAGQ 53 GGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQ QGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGLGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQ GPGSQGPGSGGQQRPGGLGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQRPGGLGPYGPSAAAAAAA A 54 GAGAGGGYGGGYSAGGGAGAGSGAAAGAGAGRGGAGGYSAGAGTGAGAAAGAGTAGGYSGGYGAGASSSAG SSFISSSSMSSSQATGYSSSSGYGGGAASAAAGAGAAAGGYGGGYGAGAGAGAAAASGATGRVANSLGAMASGG INALPGVFSNIFSQVSAASGGASGGAVLVQALTEVIALLLHILSSASIGNVSSQGLEGSMAIAQQAIGAYAG 55 GAGAGGAGGYAQGYGAGAGAGAGAGTGAGGAGGYGQGYGAGSGAGAGGAGGYGAGAGAGAGAGDASGYGQ GYGDGAGAGAGAAAAAGAAAGARGAGGYGGGAGAGAGAGAGAAGGYGQGYGAGAGEGAGAGAGAGAVAG AGAAAAAGAGAGAGGAEGYGAGAGAGGAGGYGQSYGDGAAAAAGSGAGAGGSGGYGAGAGAGSGAGAAGG YGGGAGA 56 GPGGYGPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPGRYGPGQQGPSGPGSAAAAAAGSGQQGPGGYGPRQQGPGGYGQGQQGPSGP GSAAAASAAASAESGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPSGPGSAAAAAAAASGPGQQGPGGY GPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPSGPGSAAAAAAAASGPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGPGGYGPGQQGLSGPGSAAAAAAA 57 GRGPGGYGQGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGPGAAAAAAAGSGPGGYGPGQQGPGRSGAAAAAAAAGR GPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAGPGGYGPGQQGPGAAAAASAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGSGAAAAAAGRGPGG YGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGQQGPGGSGAAAAAAGRGPGGYGPGQQGPGGPGAAAAAA 58 GVGAGGEGGYDQGYGAGAGAGSGGGAGGAGGYGGGAGAGSGGGAGGAGGYGGGAGAGAGAGAGGAGGYGG GAGAGTGARAGAGGVGGYGQSYGAGASAAAGAGVGAGGAGAGGAGGYGQGYGAGAGIGAGDAGGYGGGAG AGASAGAGGYGGGAGAGAGGVGGYGKGYGAGSGAGAAAAAGAGAGSAGGYGRGDGAGAGGASGYGQGYGA GAAA 59 GYGAGAGRGYGAGAGAGAGAVAASGAGAGAGYGAGAGAGAGAGYGAGAGRGYGAGAGAGAGSGAASGAGA GAGYGAGAGAGAGYGAGAGSGYGTGAGAGAGAAAAGGAGAGAGYGAGAGRGYGAGAGAGAASGAGAGAGA GAASGAGAGSGYGAGAAAAGGAGAGAGGGYGAGAGRGYGAGAGAGAGAGSGSGSAAGYGQGYGSGSGAGAA A 60 GQGTDSSASSVSTSTSVSSSATGPDTGYPVGYYGAGQAEAAASAAAAAAASAAEAATIAGLGYGRQGQGTDSSAS SVSTSTSVSSSATGPDMGYPVGNYGAGQAEAAASAAAAAAASAAEAATIASLGYGRQGQGTDSSASSVSTSTSVSS SATGPGSRYPVRDYGADQAEAAASAAAAAAAAASAAEEIASLGYGRQ 61 GQGTDSVASSASSSASASSSATGPDTGYPVGYYGAGQAEAAASAAAAAAASAAEAATIAGLGYGRQGQGTDSSAS SVSTSTSVSSSATGPGSRYPVRDYGADQAEAAASATAAAAAAASAAEEIASLGYGRQGQGTDSVASSASSSASASS SATGPDTGYPVGYYGAGQAEAAASAAAAAAASAAEAATIAGLGYGRQ 62 GQGGQGGYGGLGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGQGGQGQGRYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGR GQGGYGQGSGGNAAAAAAAAAAAASGQGSQGGQGGQGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAASGRGQGGYG QGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGQGGQGGYGGLGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAA 63 GGLGGQGGLGGLGSQGAGLGGYGQGGAGQGGAAAAAAAAGGLGGQGGRGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGAGQGG AAAAAAAAGGLGGQGGLGALGSQGAGQGGAGQGGYGQGGAAAAAAGGLGGQGGLGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQG GAGQGGAAAAAAAAGGLGGQGGLGGLGSQGAGPGGYGQGGAGQGGAAAAAAAA 64 GGQGRGGFGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQVGQFGFGGRGQGGFGPFAGSSAAAAAAASAAAGQGGQGQG GFGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAARQGGQGQGGFSQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQGGQGGFGGRGQGGFGP GAGSSAAAAAAATAAAGQGGQGRGGFGQGAGSNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGQ 65 GGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGAGQGAAAAAAAAGGAGGAGRGGLGAGGAGQGYGAGLGGQGGAGQAAA AAAAGGAGGARQGGLGAGGAGQGYGAGLGGQGGAGQGGAAAAAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGA GQGGAAAAAAAAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGGRQGGAGAAAAAAAA 66 GGAGQRGYGGLGNQGAGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGNQGAGRGGQGAAAAAGGAGQGGYG GLGSQGAGRGGQGAGAAAAAAVGAGQEGIRGQGAGQGGYGGLGSQGSGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGG LGGQGAGQGAGAAAAAAGGVRQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGQGAGAAAAAA 67 GGAGQGGLGGQGAGQGAGASAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGEGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGGQGA GQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAGGAGQGGLGGQGAGQGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGR GGLGGQGAGAVAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGQGAGAAAAAA 68 GAGAGAGAGSGAGAAGGYGGGAGAGVGAGGAGGYDQGYGAGAGAGSGAGAGGAGGYGGGAGAGADAGAG GAGGYGGGAGAGAGARAGAGGVGGYGQSYGAGAGAGAGVGAGGAGAGGADGYGQGYGAGAGTGAGDAGG YGGGAGAGASAGAGGYGGGAGAGGVGVYGKGYGSGSGAGAAAAA 69 GGAGGYGVGQGYGAGAGAGAAAGAGAGGAGGYGAGQGYGAGAGVGAAAAAGAGAGVGGAGGYGRGAGAG AGAGAGAAAGAGAGAAAGAGAGGAGGYGAGQGYGAGAGVGAAAAAGAGAGVGGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAGA GGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAGGYGAGQGYGAGAGAGAAAAA 70 GEAFSASSASSAVVFESAGPGEEAGSSGDGASAAASAAAAAGAGSGRRGPGGARSRGGAGAGAGAGSGVGGYGS GSGAGAGAGAGAGAGGEGGFGEGQGYGAGAGAGFGSGAGAGAGAGSGAGAGEGVGSGAGAGAGAGFGVGAG AGAGAGAGFGSGAGAGSGAGAGYGAGRAGGRGRGGRG 71 GEAFSASSASSAVVFESAGPGEEAGSSGGGASAAASAAAAAGAGSGRRGPGGARSRGGAGAGAGAGSGVGGYGS GSGAGAGAGAGAGAGGEGGFGEGQGYGAGAGAGFGSGAGAGAGAGSGAGAGEGVGSGAGAGAGAGFGVGAG AGAGAGAGFGSGAGAGSGAGAGYGAGRAGGRGRGGRG 72 GNGLGQALLANGVLNSGNYLQLANSLAYSFGSSLSQYSSSAAGASAAGAASGAAGAGAGAASSGGSSGSASSSTT TTTTTSTSAAAAAAAAAAAASAAASTSASASASASASASAFSQTFVQTVLQSAAFGSYFGGNLSLQSAQAAASAAA QAAAQQIGLGSYGYALANAVASAFASAGANA 73 GNGLGQALLANGVLNSGNYLQLANSLAYSFGSSLSQYSSSAAGASAAGAASGAAGAGAGAASSGGSSGSASSSTT TTTTTSTSAAAAAAAAAAAASAAASTSASASASASASASAFSQTFVQTVLQSAAFGSYFGGNLSLQSAQAAASAAA QAAAQQIGLGSYGYALANAVASAFASAGANA 74 GNGLGQALLANGVLNSGNYLQLANSLAYSFGSSLSQYSSSAAGASAAGAASGAAGAGAGAASSGGSSGSASSSTT TTTTTSTSAAAAAAAAAAAASAAASTSASASASASASASAFSQTFVQTVLQSAAFGSYFGGNLSLQSAQAAASAAA QAAAQQIGLGSYGYALANAVASAFASAGANA 75 GASGAGQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQGQGQGYGQQGQGSAAAAAAAAAAGASGAGQGQGY GQQGQGSAAAAAAAAAAGASGAGQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQGQGYGQQGQGSAAAAA AAAAGASGAGQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 76 GRGQGGYGQGSGGNAAAAAAAGQGGFGGQEGNGQGAGSAAAAAAAAAAAAGGSGQGRYGGRGQGGYGQGA GAAASAAAAAAAAAAGQGGFGGQEGNGQGAGSAAAAAAAAAAAAGGSGQGGYGGRGQGGYGQGAGAAAAA AAAAAAAAAGQGGQGGFGSQGGNGQGAGSAAAAAAAAAA 77 GQNTPWSSTELADAFINAFMNEAGRTGAFTADQLDDMSTIGDTIKTAMDKMARSNKSSKGKLQALNMAFASSMA EIAAVEQGGLSVDAKTNAIADSLNSAFYQTTGAANPQFVNEIRSLINMFAQSSANEVSYGGGYGGQSAGAAASAAA AGGGGQGGYGNLGGQGAGAAAAAAASAA 78 GQNTPWSSTELADAFINAFLNEAGRTGAFTADQLDDMSTIGDTLKTAMDKMARSNKSSQSKLQALNMAFASSMA EIAAVEQGGLSVAEKTNAIADSLNSAFYQTTGAVNVQFVNEIRSLISMFAQASANEVSYGGGYGGGQGGQSAGAA AAAASAGAGQGGYGGLGGQGAGSAAAAAA 79 GGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGQGGAAAAAASAGGQGGQGGYGGLGSQGAGQGGYGGGAFSGQQGGAASV ATASAAASRLSSPGAASRVSSAVTSLVSSGGPTNSAALSNTISNVVSQISSSNPGLSGCDVLVQALLEIVSALVHILGS ANIGQVNSSGVGRSASIVGQSINQAFS 80 GGAGQGGYGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGQGAGQGAAAAAASGAGQGGYEGPGAGQGAGAAAAAAG GAGQGGYGGLGGQGAGQGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGGQGAGQGAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGQGAGQG AAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSGQGGYGRQGAGAAAAAAAA 81 GASSAAAAAAATATSGGAPGGYGGYGPGIGGAFVPASTTGTGSGSGSGAGAAGSGGLGGLGSSGGSGGLGGGNG GSGASAAASAAAASSSPGSGGYGPGQGVGSGSGSGAAGGSGTGSGAGGPGSGGYGGPQFFASAYGGQGLLGTSG YGNGQGGASGTGSGGVGGSGSGAGSNS 82 GQPIWTNPNAAMTMTNNLVQCASRSGVLTADQMDDMGMMADSVNSQMQKMGPNPPQHRLRAMNTAMAAEVA EVVATSPPQSYSAVLNTIGACLRESMMQATGSVDNAFTNEVMQLVKMLSADSANEVSTASASGASYATSTSSAYS SSQATGYSTAAGYGNAAGAGAGAAAAVS 83 GQKIWTNPDAAMAMTNNLVQCAGRSGALTADQMDDLGMVSDSVNSQVRKMGANAPPHKIKAMSTAVAAGVAE VVASSPPQSYSAVLNTIGGCLRESMMQVTGSVDNTFTTEMMQMVNMFAADNANEVSASASGSGASYATGTSSAY STSQATGYSTAGGYGTAAGAGAGAAAAA 84 GSGYGAGAGAGAGSGYGAGAGAGSGYGAGAGAGAGSGYVAGAGAGAGAGSGYGAGAGAGAGSSYSAGAGAG AGSGYGAGSSASAGSAVSTQTVSSSATTSSQSAAAATGAAYGTRASTGSGASAGAAASGAGAGYGGQAGYGQGG GAAAYRAGAGSQAAYGQGASGSSGAAAAA 85 GGQGGRGGFGGLSSQGAGGAGQGGSGAAAAAAAAGGDGGSGLGDYGAGRGYGAGLGGAGGAGVASAAASAA ASRLSSPSAASRVSSAVTSLISGGGPTNPAALSNTFSNVVYQISVSSPGLSGCDVLIQALLELVSALVHILGSAIIGQVN SSAAGESASLVGQSVYQAFS 86 GVGQAATPWENSQLAEDFINSFLRFIAQSGAFSPNQLDDMSSIGDTLKTAIEKMAQSRKSSKSKLQALNMAFASSM AEIAVAEQGGLSLEAKTNAIANALASAFLETTGFVNQQFVSEIKSLIYMIAQASSNEISGSAAAAGGGSGGGGGSGQ GGYGQGASASASAAAA 87 GGGDGYGQGGYGNQRGVGSYGQGAGAGAAATSAAGGAGSGRGGYGEQGGLGGYGQGAGAGAASTAAGGGDG YGQGGYGNQGGRGSYGQGSGAGAGAAVAAAAGGAVSGQGGYDGEGGQGGYGQGSGAGAAVAAASGGTGAGQ GGYGSQGSQAGYGQGAGFRAAAATAAA 88 GAGAGYGGQVGYGQGAGASAGAAAAGAGAGYGGQAGYGQGAGGSAGAAAAGAGAGRQAGYGQGAGASARA AAAGAGTGYGQGAGASAGAAAAGAGAGSQVGYGQGAGASSGAAAAAGAGAGYGGQVGYEQGAGASAGAEAA ASSAGAGYGGQAGYGQGAGASAGAAAA 89 GGAGQGGYGGLGGQGAGQGGLGGQRAGAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGYGGVGSGASAASAAASRL SSPEASSRVSSAVSNLVSSGPTNSAALSSTISNVVSQISASNPGLSGCDVLVQALLEVVSALIQILGSSSIGQVNYGTA GQAAQIVGQSVYQALG 90 GGYGPGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGSSSAAAVGGYGPSSGLQGPAGQGPYGPGAAASAAAAAGASRLSSP QASSRVSSAVSSLVSSGPTNSAALTNTISSVVSQISASNPGLSGCDVLIQALLEIVSALVHILGYSSIGQINYDAAAQY ASLVGQSVAQALA 91 GGAGAGQGSYGGQGGYGQGGAGAATATAAAAGGAGSGQGGYGGQGGLGGYGQGAGAGAAAAAAAAAGGAG AGQGGYGGQGGQGGYGQGAGAGAAAAAAGGAGAGQGGYGGQGGYGQGGGAGAAAAAAAASGGSGSGQGGY GGQGGLGGYGQGAGAGAGAAASAAAA 92 GQGGQGGYGRQSQGAGSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGSGQGGYGGQGQGGYGQSSASASAAASAASTVANSVSRLSSP SAVSRVSSAVSSLVSNGQVNMAALPNIISNISSSVSASAPGASGCEVIVQALLEVITALVQIVSSSSVGYINPSAVNQIT NVVANAMAQVMG 93 GGAGQGGYGGLGGQGSGAAAAGTGQGGYGSLGGQGAGAAGAAAAAVGGAGQGGYGGVGSAAASAAASRLSSP EASSRVSSAVSNLVSSGPTNSAALSNTISNVVSQISSSNPGLSGCDVLVQALLEVVSALIHILGSSSIGQVNYGSAGQA TQIVGQSVYQALG 94 GAGAGGAGGYGAGQGYGAGAGAGAAAGAGAGGARGYGARQGYGSGAGAGAGARAGGAGGYGRGAGAGAAA ASGAGAGGYGAGQGYGAGAGAVASAAAGAGSGAGGAGGYGRGAGAVAGAGAGGAGGYGAGAGAAAGVGAG GSGGYGGRQGGYSAGAGAGAAAAA 95 GQGGQGGYGGLGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAGRGQGGYGQGSGGNAAAAAAAAAAAASGQGGQGGQG GQGQGGYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGRGQGGYGQGAGGNAAAAAAAAAAAASGQGGQGGQGGQGQG GYGQGAGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 96 GGYGPGSGQQGPGQQGPGQQGPGQQGPYGAGASAAAAAAGGYGPGSGQQGPGVRVAAPVASAAASRLSSSAAS SRVSSAVSSLVSSGPTTPAALSNTISSAVSQISASNPGLSGCDVLVQALLEVVSALVHILGSSSVGQINYGASAQYAQ MVGQSVTQALV 97 GAGAGGAGYGRGAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAGGYGGQGGYGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGAGGAAGYSRG GRAGAAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAGGYGGQGGYGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGSGGAGGYGRGAGAGAAAGAGAAAGA GAGAGGYGGQGGYGAGAGAAAAA 98 GAGAGRGGYGRGAGAGGYGGQGGYGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGAGGYGDKEIACWSRCRYTVASTTSRLSSAEASS RISSAASTLVSGGYLNTAALPSVISDLFAQVGASSPGVSDSEVLIQVLLEIVSSLIHILSSSSVGQVDFSSVGSSAAAVG QSMQVVMG 99 GAGAGAGGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAGAGAAAGQGYGSGAGAGAGASAGGAGSYGRGAGAGAAAASGAGAGGYG AGQGYGAGAGAVASAAAGAGSGAGGAGGYGRGAVAGSGAGAGAGAGGAGGYGAGAGAGAAAGAVAGGSGG YGGRQGGYSAGAGAGAAAAA 100 GPGGYGPVQQGPSGPGSAAGPGGYGPAQQGPARYGPGSAAAAAAAAGSAGYGPGPQASAAASRLASPDSGARVA SAVSNLVSSGPTSSAALSSVISNAVSQIGASNPGLSGCDVLIQALLEIVSACVTILSSSSIGQVNYGAASQFAQVVGQS VLSAFS 101 GTGGVGGLFLSSGDFGRGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASSAAAGARGGSGFGVGTGGFGRGGAGAGTGAAAASAAAA SAAAAGAGGDGGLFLSSGDFGRGGAGAGAGAAAASAAAASSAAAGARGGSGFGVGTGGFGRGGAGDGASAAA ASAAAASAAAA 102 GGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPSVAAAASAAGGYGPGAGQQGPVASAAVSRLSSPQASSRVSSAVSSL VSSGPTNPAALSNAMSSVVSQVSASNPGLSGCDVLVQALLEIVSALVHILGSSSIGQINYAASSQYAQMVGQSVAQA LA 103 GGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGYGGQGAGAAAAATGGAGQGGYGGVGSGASAASAAASRLSSPQASSRVSSAVSN LVASGPTNSAALSSTISNAVSQIGASNPGLSGCDVLIQALLEVVSALIHILGSSSIGQVNYGSAGQATQIVGQSVYQAL G 104 GGAGQGGYGGLGSQGAGRGGYGGQGAGAAVAAIGGVGQGGYGGVGSGASAASAAASRLSSPEASSRVSSAVSN LVSSGPTNSAALSSTISNVVSQIGASNPGLSGCDVLIQALLEVVSALVHILGSSSIGQVNYGSAGQATQIVGQSVYQA LG 105 GASGGYGGGAGEGAGAAAAAGAGAGGAGGYGGGAGSGAGAVARAGAGGAGGYGSGIGGGYGSGAGAAAGAG AGGAGAYGGGYGTGAGAGARGADSAGAAAGYGGGVGTGTGSSAGYGRGAGAGAGAGAAAGSGAGAAGGYGG GYGAGAGAGA 106 GAGSGQGGYGGQGGLGGYGQGAGAGAAAGASGSGSGGAGQGGLGGYGQGAGAGAAAAAAGASGAGQGGFGP YGSSYQSSTSYSVTSQGAAGGLGGYGQGSGAGAAAAGAAGQGGQGGYGQGAGAGAGAGAGQGGLGGYGQGA GSSAASAAAA 107 GGAGQGGYGGLGGQGVGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAGGAGQGGYGGVGSGASAASAAASRLSSPQASSRLSSAVSNLV ATGPTNSAALSSTISNVVSQIGASNPGLSGCDVLIQALLEVVSALIQILGSSSIGQVNYGSAGQATQIVGQSVYQALG 108 GAGSGGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAGSYGGQGGYGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGAGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAGA GAAARAGAGAGGAGYGGQGGYGAGAGAGAAAAAGAGAGGAGGYGRGAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAGGYGGQSG YGAGAGAAAAA 109 GASGAGQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAQGQGQGYGQQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAQGQ GQGYGQQGQGSAAAAAAAAAGASGAGQGQGYGQQGQGGSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQGQGYGQQGQGSAAA AAAAAAAAAA 110 GGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPG GAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQRSQGPG GQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQG PYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGP GSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPY GPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYG PSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQRSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGY GPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPS AAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSGGQQGPGG QGPYGSGQQGPGGAGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGGAGQQGPGSQGPGGQGPYGPGA GQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQRSQGPGGQGPYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSG GQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPGAAAAAAAVGGYGPGAG QQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAAAAAGGYGPGAGQQGPGSQGPGSGGQQGPGGQGPYGPSAAAAA AAA

In some embodiments, the silk or silk or silk-like proteins comprise one or more repeat units comprising SEQ ID NO: 13. This repeat unit contains 6 quasi-repeat units. The quasi-repeat unit can be concatenated 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 times to form polypeptide molecules from about 50 kDal to about 1,000 kDal. This repeat unit also contains poly-alanine regions related to nano-crystalline regions, and glycine-rich regions related to beta-turn containing less-crystalline regions.

Non-limiting examples of additional suitable silk or silk or silk-like proteins are provided, for example, in International Patent Publication WO/2016/201369, published Dec. 15, 2016; U.S. patent application 62/394,683, filed Sep. 14, 2016; U.S. patent application 15/705,185, filed Sep. 14, 2017, U.S. publication US20160222174, published Aug. 4, 2016; International Patent Publication WO2016/149414, published Mar. 16, 2016; International Patent Publication WO 2014/066374, published Jan. 5, 2014, and International Patent Publication WO 2015/042164, published Mar. 26, 2015, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Typically, operable linkage of recombinant proteins with secretion signals requires removal of start codons of the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins.

Other Components

In some embodiments, at least one of the polynucleotide sequences comprised in the recombinant host cells further encode tag peptides or polypeptides operably linked to the C-termini of the proteins. Such tag peptides or polypeptides can aid in purification of the recombinant proteins. Non-limiting examples of tag peptides or polypeptides include affinity tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that bind to certain agents or matrices), solubilization tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that assist in proper folding of proteins and prevent precipitation), chromatography tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that alter the chromatographic properties of a protein to afford different resolution across a particular separation techniques), epitope tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that are bound by antibodies), fluorescence tags, chromogenic tags, enzyme substrate tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that are the substrates for specific enzymatic reactions), chemical substrate tags (i.e., peptides or polypeptides that are the substrates for specific chemical modifications), or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable affinity tags include maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), poly(His) tag, SBP-tag, Strep-tag, and calmodulin-tag. Non-limiting examples of suitable solubility tags include thioredoxin (TRX), poly(NANP), MBP, and GST. Non-limiting examples of chromatography tags include polyanionic amino acids (e.g., FLAG-tag) and polyglutamate tag. Non-limiting examples of epitope tags include V5-tag, VSV-tag, Myc-tag, HA-tag, E-tag, NE-tag, Ha-tag, Myc-tag, and FLAG-tag. Non-limiting examples of fluorescence tags include green fluorescent protein (GFP), blue fluorescent protein (BFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), orange fluorescent protein (OFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), and derivatives thereof. Non-limiting examples of enzyme substrate tags include peptides or polypeptides comprising a lysine within a sequence suitable for biotinilation (e.g., AviTag, Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein [BCCP]). Non-limiting examples of chemical substrate tags include substrates suitable for reaction with FIAsH-EDT2. The fusion of the C-terminal tag peptide or polypeptide to the recombinant proteins can be cleavable (e.g., by TEV protease, thrombin, factor Xa, or enteropeptidase) or non-cleavable.

In some embodiments, at least one of the polynucleotide sequences comprised in the recombinant host cells further encode linker peptides operably linked between the recombinant proteins and the secretion signals. The linker peptides can have various sizes. In some such embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences that encode the linker peptides comprise restriction enzyme sites to permit replacement or addition of other polynucleotide sequences.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins comprised in the recombinant host cells are operably linked to promoters such that they drive the transcription of the polynucleotide sequences. The promotors may be constitutive promoters or inducible promoters. Induction may, for example, occur via glucose repression, galactose induction, sucrose induction, phosphate repression, thiamine repression, or methanol induction. Suitable promoters are promoters that mediate expression of proteins in the recombinant host cells provided herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable promoters include the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter of Pichia pastoris (pAOX1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter of Pichia pastoris (pGAP), YPT1 promoter, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisae (pPKG1), SSA4 promoter, HSP82 promoter, GPM1 promoter, KAR2 promoter, triose phosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1) promoter of Pichia pastoris (pTPI1), enolase 1 (ENO1) promoter of Pichia pastoris (pENO1), PETS promoter, PEX8 (PER3) promoter, AOX2 promoter, AOD promoter, THIll promoter, DAS promoter, FLD1 promoter, PHO89 promoter, CUP1 promoter, GTH1 promoter, ICL1 promoter, TEF1 promoter, LAC4-PBI promoter, T7 promoter, TAC promoter, GCW14 promoter, GAL1 promoter, λPL promoter, λPR promoter, beta-lactamase promoter, spa promoter, CYC1 promoter, TDH3 promoter, GPD promoter, translation initiation factor 1 (TEF1) promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ENO2 promoter, PGL1 promoter, GAP promoter, SUC2 promoter, ADH1 promoter, ADH2 promoter, HXT7 promoter, PHO5 promoter, and CLB1 promoter. Additional promoters that can be used are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins comprised in the recombinant host cells are operably linked to terminators such that they effect termination of transcription of the recombinant polynucleotide sequences. Suitable terminators are terminators that terminate transcription in the recombinant host cells provided herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable terminators include the AOX1 terminator of Pichia pastoris (tAOX1), PGK1 terminator, and TPS1 terminator. Additional terminators are known in the art.

The polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins comprised in the recombinant host cells can be operably linked to the same promoters and/or terminators, or to at least 2 different promoters and/or terminators.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins comprised in the recombinant host cells further comprise selection markers (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes, auxotrophic markers). Selection markers are known in the art. In some embodiments, the selection markers are drug resistant markers. A drug resistant maker enables cells to detoxify an exogenously added drug that would otherwise kill the cell. Illustrative examples of drug resistant markers include but are not limited to those for resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, bleomycin, streptomycin, hygromycin, neomycin, Zeocin™, and the like. In other embodiments, the selection markers are auxotrophic markers. An auxotrophic marker allows cells to synthesize an essential component (usually an amino acid) while grown in media that lacks that essential component. Selectable auxotrophic markers include, for example, hisD, which allows growth in histidine-free media in the presence of histidinol. Other selection markers include a bleomycin-resistance gene, a metallothionein gene, a hygromycin B-phosphotransferase gene, the AURI gene, an adenosine deaminase gene, an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene, a dihydrofolate reductase gene, a thymidine kinase gene, and a xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene.

Host Cells

The recombinant host cells can be of mammalian, plant, algae, fungi, or microbe origin. Non-limiting examples of suitable fungi include methylotrophic yeast, filamentous yeast, Arxula adeninivorans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger var. awamori, Aspergillus oryzae, Candida etchellsii, Candida guilliermondii, Candida humilis, Candida lipolytica, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida utilis, Candida versatilis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Endothia parasitica, Eremothecium ashbyii, Fusarium moniliforme, Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Morteirella vinaceae var. raffinoseutilizer, Mucor miehei, Mucor miehei var. Cooney et Emerson, Mucor pusillus Lindt, Penicillium roquefortii, Pichia methanolica, Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris, Pichia (Scheffersomyces) stipitis, Rhizopus niveus, Rhodotorula sp., Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces beticus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces florentinus, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Saccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces sake, Saccharomyces uvarum, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sporidiobolus salmonicolor, Sporobolomyces roseus, Trichoderma reesi, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Yarrowia lipolytica, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, and derivatives and crosses thereof.

Non-limiting examples of suitable microbes include Acetobacter suboxydans, Acetobacter xylinum, Actinoplane missouriensis, Arthrospira platensis, Arthrospira maxima, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus lactis Lancefield Group N, Leuconostoc citrovorum, Leuconostoc dextranicum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NRRL B-512(F), Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Spirulina, Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetylactis, Streptococcus, Streptomyces chattanoogensis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces natalensis, Streptomyces olivaceus, Streptomyces olivochromogenes, Streptomyces rubiginosus, Xanthomonas campestris, and derivatives and crosses thereof.

Additional strains that can be used as recombinant host cells are known in the art. It should be understood that the term “recombinant host cell” is intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but is still included within the scope of the term “recombinant host cell” as used herein.

Fermentations

The fermentations provided herein comprise recombinant host cells provided herein and culture media suitable for growing the recombinant host cells. The fermentations are obtained by culturing the recombinant host cells in culture media that provide nutrients needed by the recombinant host cells for cell survival and/or growth. Such culture media typically contain an excess carbon source. Non-limiting examples of suitable carbon sources include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, alcohols, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable monosaccharides include glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, ribose, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, maltose, tehalose, cellobiose, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable polysaccharides include raffinose, starch, glycogen, glycan, cellulose, chitin, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols include methanol and glycol.

The use of at least 2 distinct secretion signals as provided herein promote high secreted yields of recombinant proteins. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the fermentations provided herein comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 30%; from 1% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10%; from 10% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, or 20%; from 20% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, or 30%; from 30% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, or 40%; from 40% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, or 50%; from 50% to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, or 60%; from 60% to 100%, 90%, 80%, or 70%; from 70% to 100%, 90%, or 80%; from 80% to 100%, or 90%; or from 90% to 100% by weight of total yields of the recombinant protein produced by the recombinant host cells as secreted recombinant protein. In some embodiments, the culture media of the fermentations comprise at least 0.1 g/L, at least 0.5 g/L, at least 1 g/L, at least 2 g/L, at least 5 g/L, at least 7 g/L, at least 10 g/L, at least 15 g/L, or at least 20 g/L; from 0.1 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, to 10 g/L, to 7 g/L, to 5 g/L, to 2 g/L, to 1 g/L, or to 0.5 g/L; from 0.5 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, to 10 g/L, to 7 g/L, to 5 g/L, to 2 g/L, or to 1 g/L; from 1 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, to 10 g/L, to 7 g/L, to 5 g/L, or to 2 g/L; from 2 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, to 10 g/L, to 7 g/L, or to 5 g/L; from 5 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, to 10 g/L, or to 7 g/L; from 7 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, to 15 g/L, or to 10 g/L; from 10 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, to 20 g/L, or to 15 g/L; from 15 g/L to 30 g/L, to 25 g/L, or to 20 g/L; from 20 g/L to 30 g/L, or to 25 g/L; or from 25 g/L to 30 g/L of the recombinant proteins produced by the recombinant host cells.

Methods of Producing High Secreted Yields of Recombinant Proteins

Provided herein are methods for producing high secreted yields of recombinant proteins.The methods are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989; Ausubel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates, 1992, and Supplements to 2002); Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1990; Taylor and Drickamer, Introduction to Glycobiology, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003; Worthington Enzyme Manual, Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold, N.J.; Handbook of Biochemistry: Section A Proteins, Vol I, CRC Press, 1976; Handbook of Biochemistry: Section A Proteins, Vol II, CRC Press, 1976; Essentials of Glycobiology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999.

The methods provided herein comprise the step of culturing recombinant host cells provided herein in culture media under conditions suitable for obtaining the fermentations provided herein (step 1003 in FIG. 1). Suitable culture media for use in these methods are known in the art, as are suitable culture conditions. Details of culturing yeast host cells, for example, are described in Idiris et al. (2010) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 86: 403-417; Zhang et al. (2000) Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng. 5:275-287; Zhu (2012) Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1158-1170; and Li et al. (2010) MAbs 2:466-477.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of constructing recombinant vectors that comprise the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins operably linked to the secretion signals (step 1001 in FIG. 1). Methods for constructing recombinant vectors are known in the art. In some embodiments, the recombinant vectors are synthetically generated. In other embodiments, the recombinant vectors are isolated or PCR amplified by standard procedures from organisms, cells, tissues, or plasmid constructs. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant proteins are codon-optimized for expression in particular host cells.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise the step of balancing expression of the recombinant proteins (e.g., by increasing or reducing the number of polynucleotide sequences and/or the strengths of the promoters that are operably linked to the polynucleotide sequences) and efficiency of secretion of the recombinant proteins (e.g., by choosing distinct secretion signals or combinations of distinct secretion signals).

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of transforming cells with recombinant vectors to obtain recombinant host cells provided herein (step 1002 in FIG. 1). For such transformations, the recombinant vectors can be circularized or be linear. Methods for transforming cells are well-known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods include calcium phosphate transfection, dendrimer transfection, liposome transfection (e.g., cationic liposome transfection), cationic polymer transfection, electroporation, cell squeezing, sonoporation, optical transfection, protoplast fusion, impalefection, hydrodynamic delivery, gene gun, magnetofection, spheroblast generation, polyethylene glycol (PEP) treatment, and viral transduction. One skilled in the art is able to select one or more suitable methods for transforming cells with expression constructs or recombinant vectors provided herein based on the knowledge in the art that certain techniques for introducing vectors work better for certain types of cells. Recombinant host cell transformants comprising expression constructs or recombinant vectors provided herein can be readily identified, e.g., by virtue of expressing drug resistance or auxotrophic markers encoded by the recombinant vectors that permit selection for or against growth of cells, or by other means (e.g., detection of light emitting peptide comprised in the expression constructs or recombinant vectors, molecular analysis of individual recombinant host cell colonies [e.g., by restriction enzyme mapping, PCR amplification, or sequence analysis of isolated extrachromosomal vectors or chromosomal integration sites]). In some embodiments, the methods comprise successive transformations of host cells with 2 or more recombinant vectors.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of extracting the secreted recombinant proteins from fermentations provided herein (step 1004 in FIG. 1). Extractions can occur by a variety of methods known in the art for purifying secreted proteins. Common steps in such methods include centrifugation at speeds that cause the pelleting of cells and removal of cell pellets comprising the recombinant host cells and cell debris, followed by precipitation of the recombinant proteins using precipitants (e.g., ammonium sulfate at 5-60% saturation; followed by centrifugation) or affinity separation (e.g., by immunological interaction with antibodies that bind specifically to the recombinant proteins or their C-terminal tags [e.g., FLAG, hemagglutinin], or via binding to nickel columns for isolation of polypeptides tagged with 6 to 8 histidine residues (SEQ ID NO: 120)). The suspended recombinant proteins can be dialyzed to remove the dissolved salts. Additionally, the dialyzed recombinant proteins can be heated to denature other proteins, and the denatured proteins can be removed by centrifugation.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Pichia pastoris Recombinant Host Cells That Produce High Yields of Secreted Recombinant Proteins

Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) recombinant host cells that secrete a silk-like protein were generated by transforming a HIS+ derivative of GS115 (NRRL Y15851) with a first recombinant vector and a second recombinant vector.

The recombinant vectors (see FIG. 2) comprised a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein (SEQ ID NO: 110) operably linked either to pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 8) or to various recombinant secretion signals that consisted of *pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO: 2) and a signal peptide. The silk-like protein was further operably linked to a C-terminal FLAG-tag.

The polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein in the recombinant vectors were flanked by a promoter (pGCW14) and a terminator (tAOX1 pA signal). The recombinant vectors further comprised dominant resistance markers for selection of bacterial and yeast transformants, and a bacterial origin of replication. The recombinant vectors further comprised targeting regions that directed integration of the polynucleotide sequences immediately 3′ of the HIS4, HSP82, AOX2, TEF], MAE1, or ICL1 loci in the Pichia pastoris genome.

The recombinant vectors were successively transformed into the Pichia pastoris host cells via electroporation to generate recombinant host strains. Transformants were plated on either minimal agar plates lacking histidine, or YPD agar plates supplemented with antibiotics, and incubated for 48 hours at 30° C.

Resulting clones were inoculated into 400 μL of Buffered Glycerol-complex Medium (BMGY) in 96-well blocks, and incubated for 48 hours at 30° C. with agitation at 1,000 rpm. Following the 48-hour incubation, 4 μL of each culture was used to inoculate 400 μL of minimal media in 96-well blocks, which were then incubated for 48 hours at 30° C.

Guanidine thiocyanate was added to a final concentration of 2.5M to the cell cultures to extract the recombinant protein for measurement by ELISA. After a 5 min incubation, solutions were centrifuged and the supernatant was sampled (producing the data labeled Extracellular in FIGS. 3 through 5). The supernatant was removed by inversion, and the remaining cell pellets were resuspended to the original volume in guanidine thiocyanate. Cells were lysed by mechanical disruption in a bead mill, and the resulting lysate was cleared by centrifugation and sampled (producing the data labeled Intracellular in FIGS. 3 through 5).

As shown in FIG. 3, increasing the number of polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) from 4 to 6 provided higher overall production of the silk-like protein but did not as significantly increase its secreted yield. As further shown in FIG. 3, recombinant host cells comprising 7 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to 2 distinct secretion signals (namely, pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) in 4 polynucleotide sequences and pre-DSE4(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) or pre-PEP4(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) in 3 polynucleotide sequences) produced higher secreted yields than recombinant host cells comprising 6 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to a single type of secretion signal (namely, pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc)). Note that recombinant host cells comprising 7 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to the pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signal could not be obtained for direct comparison; speculatively, this may indicate that such host cells are unstable and/or inviable.

As shown in FIG. 4, a recombinant host cell comprising 6 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to 2 distinct secretion signals (namely pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) in 4 polynucleotide sequences and pre-EPX1(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) in 2 polynucleotide sequences) produced higher secreted yields and percent secreted of the silk-like protein than a recombinant host cell comprising the same number of polynucleotide sequences encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to a single type of secretion signal (namely, pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc)).

As shown in FIG. 5, adding a third recombinant secretion signal (namely, pre-CLSP(gg)/*pro-αMF(sc)) to the 4+2×EPX1(pp) strain of FIG. 4 further improved secreted yield of the silk-like protein. Note that cells comprising 7 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to the pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signal, or comprising 4 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to the pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signal and 3 copies of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the silk-like protein operably linked to the pre-EPX1(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signal could not be obtained for direct comparison; speculatively, this may indicate that such host cells are unstable and/or inviable.

Example 2 Generation of Pichia pastoris Recombinant Host Cells That Produce High Secreted Yields of Alpha-Amylase or Green Fluorescent Protein

Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) recombinant host cells that secrete either an alpha-amylase or green fluorescent protein were generated by transforming a HIS+ derivative of GS115 (NRRL Y15851) with various recombinant vectors.

The recombinant vectors (see FIG. 6) comprised an expression construct that comprised a polynucleotide sequence encoding either alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 111) or green fluorescent protein (SEQ ID NO: 112) operably linked to various N-terminal recombinant secretion signals. The recombinant secretion signals consisted of an N-terminal signal peptide operably linked to *pro-αMF(sc) (SEQ ID NO:2). The alpha-amylase or green fluorescent protein was further operably linked to a C-terminal FLAG-tag. Each of the polynucleotide sequences was flanked by a promoter (pGCW14) and a terminator (tAOX1 pA signal). The recombinant vectors further comprised a targeting region that directed integration of the expression construct to the region immediately 3′ of the THI4 locus in the Pichia pastoris genome, dominant resistance markers for selection of bacterial and yeast transformants, and a bacterial origin of replication.

TABLE 4 Recombinant Proteins Expressed SEQ ID NO Name Amino Acid Sequence 111 alpha- ANLNGTLMQYFEWYMPNDGQHWKRLQND amylase SAYLAEHGITAVWIPPAYKGTSQDDVGY GAYDLYDLGEFHQKGTVRTKYGTKGELQ SAINSLHSRDINVYGDVVINHKGGADAT EDVTAVEVDPADRNRVTSGEQRIKAWTH FQFPGRGSTYSDFKWHWYHFDGTDWDES RKLNRIYKFQGKAWDWEVSNVNGNYDYL MYADIDYDHPDATAEIKRWGTWYANELQ LDGFRLDAVKHIKFSFLRDWVNHVREKT GKEMFTVAEYWQNDLGALENYLNKTNFN HSVFDVPLHYQFHAASTQGGGYDMRKLL NGTVVSKHPVKAVTFVDNHDTQPGQSLE STVQTWFKPLAYAFILTREAGYPQIFYG DMYGTKGASQREIPALKHKIEPILKARI QYAYGAQHDYFDHHDIVGWTREGDSSVA NSGLAALITDGPGGTKRMYVGRQNAGET WHDITGNRSDSVVINAEGWGEFHVNGGS VSIYVQR 112 green TALTEGAKLFEKEIPYITELEGDVEGMK fluorescent FIIKGEGTGDATTGTIKAKYICTTGDLP protein VPWATLVSTLSYGVQCFAKYPSHIKDFF KSAMPEGYTQERTISFEGDGVYKTRAMV TYERGSIYNRVTLTGENFKKDGHILRKN VAFQCPPSILYILPDTVNNGIRVEFNQA YDIEGVTEKLVTKCSQMNRPLAGSAAVH IPRYHHITYHTKLSKDRDERRDHMCLVE VVKAVDLDTYQ

The recombinant vectors were transformed into the Pichia pastoris host cells via electroporation to generate recombinant host strains. Transformants were plated on YPD agar plates supplemented with antibiotics, and incubated for 48-96 hours at 30° C.

Clones from each final transformation were inoculated into 400 μL of Buffered Glycerol-complex Medium (BMGY) in 96-well blocks, and incubated for 48 hours at 30° C. with agitation at 1,000 rpm. Following the 48-hour incubation, 4 μL of each culture was used to inoculate 400 μL of minimal media in 96-well blocks, which were then incubated for 48 hours at 30° C.

Guanidine thiocyanate was added to a final concentration of 2.5 M to the cell cultures to extract the recombinant protein for measurement by ELISA. After a 5 min incubation, solutions were centrifuged and the supernatant was sampled.

As shown in FIG. 7, the pre-EPX1(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) and the pre-PEP4(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) recombinant secretion signals produced higher secreted yields of amylase than the pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) recombinant secretion signal while the pre-DSE4(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signal produced roughly the same amount of secreted amylase.

As shown in FIG. 8, the pre-EPX1(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) recombinant secretion signal produced higher secreted yields of green fluorescent protein than the pre-αMF(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) recombinant secretion signal, while the pre-PEP4(sc)/*pro-αMF(sc) and the pre-DSE4(pp)/*pro-αMF(sc) secretion signals produced less secreted fluorescent protein.

The foregoing description of the embodiments of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the invention.

In the examples, efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should, of course, be allowed for. The reagents employed in the examples are generally commercially available or can be prepared using commercially available instrumentation, methods, or reagents known in the art. The examples are not intended to provide an exhaustive description of the many different embodiments of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize readily that many changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments presented in the examples without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

TABLE 5 pro-αMF sequences SEQ ID NO Name Sequence 1 native pro- APVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYLDL αMF(sc) EGDFDVAVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTT IASIAAKEEGVSLDKREAEA 2 pro-αMF(sc) APVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDL comprising EGDFDVAVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTT 2 amino acid IASIAAKEEGVSLEKREAEA substitutions 

1. A recombinant host cell comprising at least 2 polynucleotide sequences that encode a recombinant protein operably linked to at least 2 distinct secretion signals.
 2. A recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide but no leader peptide.
 3. A recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide and a leader peptide.
 4. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals is a native secretion signal or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a native secretion signal.
 5. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals is a recombinant secretion signal.
 6. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals comprises a signal peptide selected from Table 1 or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table
 1. 7. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals comprises a leader peptide that is native pro-αMF(sc) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 8. The recombinant host cell of claim 5, wherein said recombinant secretion signal comprises a leader peptide that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and a signal peptide that does not comprise pre-αMF(sc).
 9. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distinct secretion signals is native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and wherein at least one other of said distinct secretion signals is a recombinant secretion signal that comprises native pro-αMF(sc) or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence idintity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and a signal peptide that is not pre-αMF(sc).
 10. (canceled)
 11. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein said functional variant of native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) is native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) comprising one or two substituted amino acid changes.
 12. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein said functional variant of native pre-αMF(sc)/pro-αMF(sc) is SEQ ID NO:
 8. 13. (canceled)
 14. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein said functional variant of native pro-αMF(sc) is native pro-αMF(sc) comprising one or two substituted amino acid changes.
 15. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein said functional variant of native pro-αMF(sc) is SEQ ID NO:
 2. 16. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein said signal peptide is selected from Table 1 or a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a signal peptide selected from Table
 1. 17. (canceled)
 18. The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant secretion signal is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9 through 12 or is a functional variant that has an at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to a recombinant secretion signal selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9 through
 12. 19.-21. (canceled)
 22. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein said protein is a silk or silk-like protein.
 23. The recombinant host cell of claim 22, wherein said protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 13. 24.-28. (canceled)
 29. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein said recombinant host cell is a yeast cell. 30.-34.
 35. A fermentation comprising the recombinant host cell of claim 1 and a culture medium. 36.-37. (canceled)
 38. A method for producing a recombinant protein, comprising the steps of: a) culturing a recombinant host cell of claim 1 in a culture medium to obtain a fermentation of claim 35; and b) extracting said recombinant protein from the culture medium. 